![]() Crenshaw used intersectionality to denote how race, class, gender, and other systems combine to shape the experiences of many by making room for privilege. Intersectionality is relative because it displays how race, gender, and other components "intersect" to shape the experiences of individuals. ![]() Intersectionality originated in critical race studies and demonstrates a multifaceted connection between race, gender, and other systems that work together to oppress, while also allowing privilege in other areas. ![]() The concept of intersectionality was introduced to the field of legal studies by black feminist scholar Kimberlé Crenshaw, who used the term in a pair of essays published in 19. Kimberlé Crenshaw – On Intersectionality via Southbank Centre on YouTube race and sex) and known together, and not extractable from analysis of the individual identities considered separately. income, etc.) that can only be learned when multiple identities (e.g. In 2022, a quantitative approach to intersectionality was proposed based on information theory, specifically synergistic information: in this framing, intersectionality is identified with the information about some outcome (e.g. An analysis of academic articles published through May 2020 found that intersectionality is frequently misunderstood when bridging theory into quantitative methodology. An analysis of academic articles published through December 2019 found that there are no widely adopted quantitative methods to investigate research questions informed by intersectionality and provided recommendations on analytic best practices for future research. As it is based in standpoint theory, critics say the focus on subjective experiences can lead to contradictions and the inability to identify common causes of oppression. Critics have characterized the framework as ambiguous and lacking defined goals. Intersectionality engages in similar themes as triple oppression, which is the oppression associated with being a poor or immigrant woman of color.Ĭriticism includes the framework's tendency to reduce individuals to specific demographic factors, and its use as an ideological tool against other feminist theories. In this framework, for instance, discrimination against black women cannot be explained as a simple combination of misogyny and racism, but as something more complicated. Intersectionality opposes analytical systems that treat each axis of oppression in isolation. Activists use the framework to promote social and political egalitarianism. : 385 She describes how interlocking systems of power affect those who are most marginalized in society. The term intersectionality was coined by Kimberlé Crenshaw in 1989. Intersectional feminism aims to separate itself from white feminism by acknowledging women's differing experiences and identities. Intersectionality broadens the scope of the first and second waves of feminism, which largely focused on the experiences of women who were white, middle-class and cisgender, to include the different experiences of women of color, poor women, immigrant women, and other groups. However, little good-quality quantitative research has been done to support or undermine the theory of intersectionality. These intersecting and overlapping social identities may be both empowering and oppressing. Examples of these factors include gender, caste, sex, race, ethnicity, class, sexuality, religion, disability, weight, and physical appearance. Intersectionality identifies multiple factors of advantage and disadvantage. Intersectionality is an analytical framework for understanding how individuals' various social and political identities result in unique combinations of discrimination and privilege. List of people killed for being transgender.
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